论人类不平等的起源和基础

In 'Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality Among Men', Jean-Jacques Rousseau explores the concept of inequality(不平等), distinguishing(区分) between natural and moral inequality(不平等). He argues that natural inequality(不平等), which is based on physical differences, is established by nature, while moral inequality(不平等) is a product of social conventions(惯例) and institutions. Rousseau critiques the social contract, suggesting that the formation of societies has led to the corruption(腐败) of human nature and the rise of inequality(不平等). He believes that in the state of nature, humans were equal and lived in harmony, but the development of property and social hierarchies(等级制度) has created divisions. Rousseau calls for a return to a more egalitarian(平等主义的) society, emphasizing(强调) the importance of community and collective(集体的) well-being over individual wealth. His work challenges the prevailing(流行的) notions of his time and remains influential in discussions about social justice and equality.